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澳元因澳洲联储鸽派前景和美元走强而下跌

- 澳储行将利率上调至 4.85%,但分歧投票暗示 12 月可能暂停加息。
- 澳大利亚高通胀持续存在,但央行较不鹰派的指引继续拖累该货币。
- 美元因市场谨慎情绪获得支撑,但债券收益率下跌和政治僵局限制了上行空间。
澳元/美元在前一日录得超过 1% 的跌幅后仍然低迷,周五亚洲时段交投于 0.6910 附近。由于澳大利亚储备银行较不鹰派的指引削弱了市场对进一步加息的预期,澳元兑美元(USD)走弱。
尽管澳大利亚央行于 11 月 3 日将现金利率上调 25 个基点至 4.85%,但 6 比 3 的分歧决定——其中三位决策者支持维持不变——以及删除有关未来进一步收紧政策的明确措辞,表明 12 月可能暂停加息。尽管如此,澳储行副行长 Andrew Hauser 周四在堪培拉的澳大利亚国立大学表示,通胀压力仍然非常高。
与此同时,随着投资者等待即将公布的美国非农就业报告,美元获得了广泛的市场谨慎情绪支撑;该报告预计将在塑造市场对美联储 12 月政策决定的预期方面发挥关键作用。
不过,美元的这一支撑被若干相反因素所抵消。近期美国债券收益率下跌,以及市场对与伊朗外交进展的持续希望,继续令这一避险美元承压。此外,民主党的胜利提高了市场对华盛顿政治僵局的预期,这可能限制政府支出,并最终导致经济增长放缓。
随着美联储收紧政策和制度性制衡仍受关注,美元支撑料将保持
华侨银行(OCBC)策略师认为,更广泛的宏观背景继续有利于美元,并指出:“鉴于美国经济增长仍然稳健、通胀具有粘性,而且美联储正朝着进一步收紧政策的方向前进,我们仍然认为美元应继续获得支撑,尽管双向风险有所增加。”他们补充称,民主党控制参议院“也应通过使政府更难确认更多美联储理事会盟友,来加强围绕美联储独立性的制度性制衡”,这进一步强化了他们的观点,即尽管市场围绕前景的波动加剧,美联储政策延续性仍将支撑该货币。
美元常见问题(FAQ)
美元(USD)是美国的官方货币,也是许多其他国家的“事实上”货币,与当地纸币一起流通。根据 2022年的数据,美元是世界上交易量最大的货币,占全球外汇交易额的88%以上,平均每天交易6.6万亿美元。 第二次世界大战后,美元取代英镑成为世界储备货币。在其历史上的大部分时间里,美元都是由黄金支撑的,直到1971年布雷顿森林协定(Bretton Woods Agreement)废除了金本位制。”
“影响美元价值的最重要的单一因素是货币政策,这是由美联储(Fed)决定的。美联储有两项任务:实现物价稳定(控制通胀)和促进充分就业。它实现这两个目标的主要工具是调整利率。当物价上涨过快,通货膨胀率高于美联储2%的目标时,美联储将加息,这有助于美元升值。当通货膨胀率低于2%或失业率过高时,美联储可能会降低利率,这将给美元带来压力。”
在极端情况下,美联储还可以印更多美元,实施量化宽松政策。量化宽松是美联储在陷入困境的金融体系中大幅增加信贷流动的过程。这是一种非标准的政策措施,用于信贷枯竭,因为银行不愿相互放贷(出于对交易对手违约的担忧)。当仅仅降低利率不太可能达到必要的效果时,这是最后的手段。这是美联储在2008年金融危机期间对抗信贷紧缩的首选武器。它涉及到美联储印刷更多的美元,并用这些美元主要从金融机构购买美国政府债券。量化宽松通常会导致美元走软。”
量化紧缩(QT)是一个相反的过程,即美联储停止从金融机构购买债券,不再将其持有的到期债券的本金再投资于新的购买。这通常对美元有利。
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