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4月8日宣布的停火以及围绕45天休战的平行讨论并未解决霍尔木兹海峡的混乱问题。目前,他们已经限制了最坏的情况,但油轮运输量仍处于正常水平的一小部分,伊朗对过境费的需求预示着结构性转变,而不是暂时的转变。
最初的地区冲突已成为全球能源冲击,市场面临的问题不再是霍尔木兹是否受到干扰,而是这种混乱对石油的最低定价产生了多大的永久性影响。
关键要点
- 每天约有2000万桶(桶)的石油和石油产品通常通过伊朗和阿曼之间的霍尔木兹海峡,相当于全球石油消费量的约五分之一,约占全球海运石油贸易的30%。
- 这是流量冲击,不是库存问题。石油市场依赖于持续的吞吐量,而不是静态存储。
- 如果中断持续超过几周,布伦特原油可能会从短期飙升转向更广泛的价格冲击,存在滞胀风险。
- 穿越海峡的油轮运输量从每天约135艘下降到中断高峰期的不到15艘船只,减少了约85%,超过150艘船只停泊、改道或延误。
- 4月8日宣布了为期两周的停火,为期45天的休战谈判正在进行之中。伊朗已分别表示要求对使用该海峡的船只收取过境费,如果正式确定,这将是能源成本的永久地缘政治最低标准。
- 市场已经开始从增长和技术敞口转向能源和国防企业,这反映了人们的观点,即石油价格上涨正在成为结构性成本,而不是暂时的风险溢价。
世界上最关键的石油阻塞点
霍尔木兹海峡每天处理大约2000万桶石油和石油产品,相当于全球石油消费量的20%和全球海运石油贸易的30%左右。由于全球石油需求接近1.04亿桶/日,且剩余产能有限,在最近的升级之前,市场已经处于紧密平衡状态。
该海峡也是液化天然气的重要走廊。2024年,平均每天约有2.9亿立方米的液化天然气通过该路线,约占全球液化天然气贸易的20%,亚洲市场是主要目的地。
国际能源署(IEA)将霍尔木兹描述为世界上最重要的石油运输阻塞点,并指出,即使是部分中断也可能引发价格的大幅波动。布伦特原油已跌破每桶100美元,这既反映了物质紧张,也反映了地缘政治风险溢价的上升。

由于流量减慢,油轮处于空转状态
现在,航运和保险数据实时显示压力。据报道,超过85艘大型原油运输船滞留在波斯湾,而由于运营商重新评估安全和保险,有150多艘船舶停泊、改道或延误。据估计,这将使1.2亿至1.5亿桶原油在海上闲置。
这些量仅代表霍尔木兹正常吞吐量的六到七天,或略高于一天的全球石油消费。
最新的航运和保险数据现在证实,有150多艘船只停泊、改道或延误,高于最初报告的85艘船只。闲置原油的1.3天全球消费保障仍然是约束性制约因素:这是流量冲击,不是储存问题,停火尚未转化为产量的实质性恢复。
建立在流量而不是存储基础上的市场
石油市场在持续波动中运作。炼油厂、石化厂和全球供应链经过调整,可以沿着可预测的海道稳定交付。当流经占全球石油消耗量约五分之一和全球海运石油贸易约30%的阻塞点时,该系统可以在几天之内从平衡变为赤字。
剩余产能主要集中在欧佩克内,估计仅为每天300万至500万桶。这远低于霍尔木兹水流受到严重干扰时面临的风险交易量。
通货膨胀风险和宏观溢出效应
石油冲击的通货膨胀影响通常以波浪形式出现。随着汽油、柴油和电力成本的上涨,燃料和能源价格的上涨可能会迅速提振总体通货膨胀。
随着时间的推移,更高的能源成本可能会流向货运、食品、制造业和服务业。如果混乱持续下去,通货膨胀率上升和增长放缓相结合,可能会增加滞胀环境的风险,使中央银行面临艰难的权衡。
不容易抵消,系统几乎没有松弛
当前局势之所以特别严重,是因为全球体系缺乏松弛。
当处理近2,000万桶/日(约占全球石油消耗量的五分之一)的阻塞点受到损害时,将近1.03亿至1.04亿桶的全球供需几乎没有备用缓冲。估计每天300万至500万桶的剩余产能,主要在欧佩克内部,只能覆盖风险产量的一小部分。
替代路线,包括绕过霍尔木兹的管道和改道运输,只能部分抵消流量的损失,而且通常成本更高,交货时间更长。
底线
在霍尔木兹海峡的过境恢复并被视为可靠安全之前,全球石油流动可能继续受损,风险溢价上升。对于投资者、政策制定者和企业决策者来说,核心问题是石油能否每天不间断地转移到需要去的地方。

Chinese electric vehicle company, NIO Inc. (NYSE: NIO), reported Q3 results before the opening bell in the US on Tuesday. Company overview Founded: November 2014 Headquarters: Shanghai, China Number of employees: 20,000+ (2023) Industry: Automotive Key people: William Li (CEO), Lihong Qin (President), Wei Feng (CFO) The results NIO reported revenue of $2.611 billion for the previous quarter, narrowly missing analyst estimate of $2.634 billion. Revenue was up by 46.6% year-over-year and up by 117.4% from Q2 2022.
The company reported loss per share of -$0.312 for Q3, which was below analyst estimate of -$0.351 loss per share. NIO delivered 55,432 cars during the quarter, setting a new quarterly record. CEO commentary "NIO delivered 55,432 vehicles in the third quarter of 2023, representing a solid year-over-year growth of 75.4% and setting a new record for quarterly delivery," William Li, CEO of NIO said in a statement. "According to the retail sales data from China Automotive Technology and Research Center, NIO ranked first in the battery electric vehicle market segment priced over RMB300,000 in China, with a market share of 45% in the third quarter of 2023," Li highlighted NIO’s position in the market. "We have recently completed a thorough review of the Company’s two-year operating plans to determine our objectives, priorities, and action plans.
Meanwhile, we have identified opportunities to optimize our organization, reduce costs and enhance efficiency. Our focus remains on advancing core technologies, developing key products, and expanding sales and service capabilities. We are confident in NIO's long-term competitiveness in the smart electric vehicle market," Li concluded.
Stock reaction Shares of NIO were up by over 3% on Tuesday, trading at around $7.55 a share. Stock performance 1 month: -3.36% 3 months: -29.46% Year-to-date: -21.79% 1 year: -42.41% NIO stock price targets Deutsche Bank: $16 CMB International Securities: $9.20 UBS: $15 Daiwa: $11.80 HSBC: $12 Mizuho: $18 Bank of America: $15 JP Morgan: $10.50 Citigroup: $19.20 NIO Inc. is the 1200th largest and 6th largest electric vehicle company in the world with a market cap of $13.5 billion. You can trade NIO Inc. (NYSE: NIO) and many other stocks from the NYSE, NASDAQ, HKEX, ASX, LSE and DE with GO Markets as a Share CFD.
GO Markets now offers pre-market and after-market trading on popular US Share CFDs. Trade the pre-market session: 4:00am to 9:30am, normal session, and after-market session: 4:00pm to 8:00pm, Eastern Standard Time. Why trade during extended hours?
Volatility never sleeps. Trade over earnings releases as they happen outside of main trading hours Reduce your risk and hedge your existing positions ahead of a new trading day Extended trading hours on popular US stocks means extended opportunities Sources: NIO Inc., TradingView, MarketWatch, TipRanks, Benzinga, CompaniesMarketCap


World’s 4th largest construction company, Lennar Corporation (NYSE: LEN), released its fourth quarter and full-year of fiscal 2023 financial results after the market close on Wall Street on Thursday. Company overview Founded: 1954 Headquarters: Waterford District, unincorporated Miami-Dade County, Florida (Miami, Florida postal address) Number of employees: 12,012 (2022) Industry: Construction Key people: Stuart Miller (Executive Chairman, co-CEO), Jon Jaffe (co-CEO, President), Fred Rothman (COO) The results The US company reported revenue of $10.968 billion (an increase of 7.8% year-over-year) vs. $10.228 billion expected. Earnings per share (EPS) reached $4.82 per share for the quarter that ended on 30/11/2023 vs. $4.592 per share estimate.
EPS was up by 5.93% from the same period the year prior. Total revenue reached $34.2 billion for the fiscal year 2023 – up by 1.67% year-over-year. EPS was reported at $13.73 per share – down by 12.65% from 2022.
CEO commentary "We are pleased to report another strong quarter and year end, against the backdrop of evolving, though constructive, market conditions. During our fourth quarter, the economic environment shifted as interest rates rose for most of the quarter, and then subsided. Higher interest rates tested homebuyer sentiment, although purchasers remained responsive to incentives that enabled affordability.
The well documented production deficit and chronic supply shortage continued to result in housing demand outweighing short supply. These conditions remained constructive for our overall operating strategy of focusing on production and sales pace over price, generating strong cash flow, increasing returns on equity and assets, and driving a strong bottom line," co-CEO of Lennar commented on the latest results in a letter to investors and challenges for the company. Jon Jadde, co-CEO of the company pointed out some of the achievements from the fourth quarter and looked ahead of what the company expects to achieve moving forward: "Operationally, our starts in the fourth quarter were 18,378, up 43% year over year, our new orders were 17,366, up 32%, and our deliveries of 23,795 were up 19%.
We are clearly moving closer to an even flow operating model as we are now expecting approximately 18,500 starts, 18,000 new orders, and 17,000 deliveries in the first quarter of 2024. We expect more consistent results through the year as our cycle time is normalizing and was down 24% year over year as the improving supply chain and labor market positively impacted our production times and our inventory turn improved to 1.5 times reflecting broader efficiencies. Concurrently, the Lennar Machine continued to carefully match sales pace using our digital marketing and dynamic pricing models to keep production pace and sales pace closely matched." Stock reaction Shares of Lennar were up by 6.65% at the end of the trading session on Thursday, trading at $154.81 a share.
The stock price dipped by around 2% in the after-hours trading as the results were announced. Stock performance 1 month: +21.22% 3 months: +30.88% Year-to-date: +70.22% 1 year: +63.38% Costco stock price targets Barclays: $165 Jefferies Financial Group: $117 Wells Fargo: $130 JP Morgan: $135 JMP Securities: $150 Citigroup: $139 Royal Bank of Canada: $114 UBS Group: $159 Evercore ISI: $164 Wedbush: $123 Goldman Sachs: $142 Lennar Corporation is the 29th largest company in the world with a market cap of $281.37 billion. You can trade Lennar Corporation (NYSE: LEN) and many other stocks from the NYSE, NASDAQ, HKEX, ASX, LSE and DE with GO Markets as a Share CFD.
GO Markets now offers pre-market and after-market trading on popular US Share CFDs. Trade the pre-market session: 4:00am to 9:30am, normal session, and after-market session: 4:00pm to 8:00pm, Eastern Standard Time. Why trade during extended hours?
Volatility never sleeps. Trade over earnings releases as they happen outside of main trading hours Reduce your risk and hedge your existing positions ahead of a new trading day Extended trading hours on popular US stocks means extended opportunities Sources: Lennar Corporation, TradingView, MarketWatch, MarketBeat, CompaniesMarketCap


On Monday, Citigroup raised its target price for the Irish multinational conglomerate, Johnson Controls International plc (NYSE: JCI), from $58 to $61 a share. On Tuesday, Johnson Controls announced its latest financial results for its fiscal fourth 2023. Let’s see how it performed.
Company overview Founded: 1885 Headquarters: Cork, Ireland Number of employees: 102,000 (2022) Industry: Conglomerate Key people: George Oliver (Chairman, CEO) The results Johnson Controls reported revenue of $6.906 billion for the quarter (up by 3% year-over-year), which missed analyst estimate of $7.099 billion. Earnings per share (EPS) also fell short of estimates at $1.05 per share (up by 6% year-over-year) vs. $1.095 per share expected. CEO commentary "Our fiscal 2023 results, highlighted by strong sales growth and margin expansion, further validate that our strategy of providing solutions that make buildings smarter, healthier, and more sustainable continues to gain momentum," George Oliver, CEO of Johnson Controls said in a letter to investors. "We made significant progress during the year advancing our service strategy, enabled by digital, and we continue to see strong order momentum and record backlog entering our new fiscal year," Oliver added.
Stock reaction The stock was down by over 6% during the trading day on Tuesday, trading at $52.63 a share. Stock performance 1 month: -0.58% 3 months: -9.06% Year-to-date: -18.54% 1 year: -21.70% Johnson Controls International stock price targets Citigroup: $61 Oppenheimer: $66 UBS Group: $74 Wells Fargo: $62 HSBC: $69 Morgan Stanley: $70 Barclays: $64 JP Morgan: $72 Deutsche Bank: $65 Mizuho: $78 Bank of America: $72 Johnson Controls International plc is the 507th largest company in the world with a market cap of $35.89 billion. You can trade Johnson Controls International plc (NYSE: JCI) and many other stocks from the NYSE, NASDAQ, HKEX, ASX, LSE and DE with GO Markets as a Share CFD.
GO Markets now offers pre-market and after-market trading on popular US Share CFDs. Trade the pre-market session: 4:00am to 9:30am, normal session, and after-market session: 4:00pm to 8:00pm, Eastern Standard Time. Why trade during extended hours?
Volatility never sleeps. Trade over earnings releases as they happen outside of main trading hours Reduce your risk and hedge your existing positions ahead of a new trading day Extended trading hours on popular US stocks means extended opportunities Sources: Johnson Controls International plc, TradingView, MarketWatch, MarketBeat, CompaniesMarketCap


FX traders have some tier one data releases to look forward to today, including the last major central bank meeting in the form of the Bank of Japan. RBA monetary policy minutes and Canadian CPI also having market moving potential. AUDUSD The Aussie was modestly in the green in Monday’s session after initial strength that saw it outperform G10 rivals in the European morning faded later in the session.
AUDUSD supported by further PBoC liquidity and a firmer Yuan fix early on. A mixed risk sentiment in the US session saw it hit resistance at the 4-monthth highs of 0.6735 and reversing course to a low of 0.6690. RBA minutes released at 11:30 AEDT have the potential to see an RBA pushback against the market’s view that rates have definitely peaked, lending a tailwind to the Aussie.
USDCAD USDCAD edged higher in Monday’s session but held near its four month lows, rising oil prices amid heightened Red Sea tensions tempering losses in CAD with traders awaiting today’s CPI inflation data. Economists expect the Canadian CPI to show inflation slowing to an annual rate of 2.9% in November from 3.1% in October. The Bank of Canada has left the door open to further rate hikes, so this reading will be a pivotal one to test that narrative.
USDJPY The much anticipated Bank of Japan could see some big swings in JPY as investors look for clues as to when the central bank foresees the end to its easy money policies. Bank officials have recently pushed back against rate hike expectations for this meeting. But with traders pricing in the end of negative rates in January, the language at this meeting will be key for the short-term performance of the yen.
A hawkish surprise could push USDJPY towards the 140 handle, an unchanged message could bring the cross back up to the 145 level.


USD bounced back to start the first full week of December after a horror run in November where the Dollar Index (DXY) fell around 3%. DXY breaking through the 200 Day SMA resistance and printing a high of 103.850. Sour risk sentiment and higher treasury yields (particularly in the short end) helping DXY erase the Powell inspired drop on Friday.
With the Fed having entered their blackout period ahead of next week’s FOMC meeting (meaning no Fed member jawboning) data this week will take on extra importance with USD traders particularly watching Services PMI data today and the NFP jobs report on Friday. AUD and NZD were the G10 underperformers, a strong USD and a broad risk-off backdrop the main drivers rather than anything specific to the currencies. AUDUSD was looking to test the 0.67 resistance early in the session before reversing course to test the support at 0.66 before finding some buyers.
Aussie traders have the December RBA meeting to navigate, with the Central Bank widely expected (95% chance according to futures) to keep rates unchanged. What AUD trader will be watching is for any change of language in the accompanying statement with regards to futures hikes, will the RBA leave the door ajar, wide open or shut it completely? Expect some volatility in the AUD as traders race to work that part out at announcement time.


Wednesdays FOMC meeting was always going to be about whether we’d see a hawkish pushback against market expectations of a dovish Fed in 2024, or a validation of those expectations, from the market reaction to the meeting, traders decided the latter is the conclusion. Rates were kept on hold at 5.35%-5.5% as expected but the updated dot plot and the language of the accompanying statement and Powell presser confirmed what most market participants were predicting, US rates have peaked, and multiple rate cuts are coming next year. This saw the USD dump along with yields with the US Dollar Index (DXY) blowing through its 200-day SMA (where it had been finding support) closing at session lows of 102.77.
The next minor support to the downside being the November swing low of 102.46. The Yen was a particular beneficiary of the dump in US yields which saw the rate differential between the US and JP 10 Year tighten significantly. USDJPY dropping to a 142 handle as it played catch up to the yields and now testing a key support level around its 200-day SMA and December lows.
Gold surged over 30 USD an ounce as a falling Dollar and yields emboldened the bulls. XAUUSD retaking the psychological 2000 USD an ounce level after finding strong support at the October Lows – December high 50% Fib level. A retest of the major resistance at 2070 could be on the cards, and is a key level to watch for gold traders.
Central bank action continues today with both the SNB and BoE scheduled to release their latest rate decisions.
