Markets enter May with the federal funds target range at 3.50% to 3.75%, the Fed having concluded its 28-29 April meeting, and the next decision not due until 16-17 June. Brent crude is trading near US$108 per barrel, with the IEA describing the ongoing Iran conflict as the largest energy supply shock on record as the Strait of Hormuz remains effectively closed.

The macro tension this month is straightforward but uncomfortable: an oil-driven inflation impulse landing into a labour market that surprised to the upside in March, while Q1 growth came in soft.

The Federal Reserve has revised its 2026 PCE inflation projection to 2.7% and continues to signal one cut this year, though the timing remains contested. With no FOMC scheduled in May, every high-impact release may carry more weight than usual into the June meeting.

Growth: business activity and demand

The growth picture entering May is mixed. The Q1 GDP advance estimate landed on 30 April, while softer retail sales and inventory data have made the demand picture harder to read.

ISM manufacturing has been a quieter source of optimism, with recent prints holding in expansionary territory. Energy costs and tariff effects are now the variables most likely to shape the next move in business activity.

Labour: payrolls and employment data

The April Employment Situation is one of the most concentrated risk events of the month. March payrolls came in stronger than expected, while earlier data revisions left the trend less clear. April will help show whether the labour market is genuinely re-accelerating or simply absorbing seasonal noise.

Inflation: CPI, PPI and PCE

April inflation lands as the most market-relevant data block of the month. The March consumer price index (CPI) rose 3.3% over the prior 12 months, with energy up 10.9% on the month and gasoline up 21.2%, accounting for almost three quarters of the headline increase. With Brent holding near US$105 to US$108 through the latter half of April, a further passthrough into the April CPI energy component looks plausible.

Core CPI and core personal consumption expenditures (PCE) remain the better read on underlying trend.

Policy, trade and earnings

May has no FOMC meeting, so policy attention shifts to Fed speakers, the path of any leadership transition, and the dominant geopolitical backdrop. Chair Jerome Powell's term concludes around the middle of the month. President Donald Trump has nominated Kevin Warsh as the next Fed chair, with the Senate Banking Committee having held a confirmation hearing.

The Iran conflict, now in its ninth week, remains the single largest source of macro tail risk, with the Strait of Hormuz blockade and stalled US-Iran talks setting the tone for energy markets and broader risk appetite. Q1 earnings season is in its peak weeks, with peak weeks expected between 27 April and 15 May, and 7 May the most active reporting day.

What to monitor this month

• Iran-US negotiations and the operational status of the Strait of Hormuz
• Fed speakers and any change in tone between meetings
• Q1 earnings, especially from retail, energy and cyclical names
• Weekly EIA crude inventories
• Any tariff-related announcements that may affect inflation expectations

Bottom line

May is not a quiet month just because there is no FOMC meeting. Payrolls, CPI, PPI, retail sales and PCE all land before the June policy decision, while oil remains the dominant external shock.

For markets, the key question is whether the data points to a temporary energy-driven inflation lift, or a broader inflation problem arriving at the same time as softer growth. That distinction may shape the next major move in bonds, the US dollar, gold and equity indices.

Here is the situation as April begins. A war is affecting one of the world's most important oil chokepoints. Brent crude is trading above US$100. And the Federal Reserve (Fed), which spent much of 2025 engineering a soft landing, is now facing an inflation threat driven less by wages, services or the domestic economy, and more by energy. It is watching an oil shock.

The Fed funds rate sits at 3.50% to 3.75%. The next Federal Open Market Committee (FOMC) meeting is on 28 and 29 April and the key question for markets is not whether the Fed will cut, it is whether the Fed can cut, or whether the energy shock may have shut that door for much of 2026.

A heavy run of major data releases lands in April. The March consumer price index (CPI), non-farm payrolls (NFP) and the advance estimate of Q1 gross domestic product (GDP) are the three that matter most. But the FOMC statement on 29 April may be the release that sets the tone for the rest of the year.

Growth: Business activity and demand

Think about what the US economy looked like coming into this year: AI-driven capital expenditure (capex) was a major part of the growth narrative, corporate investment intentions looked firm and the One, Big, Beautiful Bill Act was already in the mix. On paper, the growth story looked solid.

Then the Strait of Hormuz situation changed the calculus. Not because the US is a net energy importer, it is not, and that structural insulation matters. But what is good for US energy producers can still squeeze margins elsewhere and weigh on global demand. The 30 April advance Q1 gross domestic product (GDP) estimate is now likely to be read through two lenses: how strong was the economy before the shock, and what it may signal about the quarters ahead.

Labour: Payrolls and employment

February's jobs report was, depending on how you read it, either a blip or a warning sign. Non-farm payrolls (NFP) fell by 92,000, unemployment edged up to 4.4% and the official line was that weather played a role. That may be true but here is what also happened. The labour market suddenly looked a little less convincing as the main argument for keeping rates elevated.

The 3 April employment report for March is now genuinely consequential. A bounce back to positive payroll growth would probably steady nerves and a second consecutive soft print, particularly against a backdrop of higher energy prices, would start to build a very uncomfortable narrative for the Fed. It would be looking at slower jobs growth and an inflation threat at the same time. That is not a comfortable place to be.

Inflation: CPI, PPI and PCE

Here is the uncomfortable truth about where inflation sits right now. Core personal consumption expenditures (PCE), the Fed's preferred gauge, was already running at 3.1% year on year in January, before any oil shock had fed through. The Fed had not fully solved its inflation problem, rather, it had slowed it down. That is a different thing.

And now, on top of a not-quite-solved inflation problem, oil prices have moved sharply higher. Energy prices can feed into the consumer price index (CPI) relatively quickly, through petrol, transport and logistics costs that can eventually show up in the price of nearly everything. The 10 April CPI print for March is probably the most important single data release of the month, it is the one that may tell us whether the energy shock is already showing up in the numbers the Fed watches.

Policy, trade and earnings

April is also the start of US earnings season, and this quarter's results carry an unusual amount of weight. Investors have been pouring capital into AI infrastructure on the basis that returns are coming. The question is when. With geopolitical volatility driving a rotation away from growth-oriented technology and towards energy and defence, JPMorgan Chase's 14 April earnings will be read as much for what management says about the macro environment as for the numbers themselves.

Then there is the FOMC meeting on 28 and 29 April. After the early-April run of data, including NFP, CPI and producer price index (PPI), the Fed will have more than enough information to update its language. Whether it signals that rate cuts could remain on hold through 2026, or whether it leaves the door slightly ajar, may be the most consequential communication of the quarter.

Geopolitical volatility has already pushed investors to reassess growth-heavy positioning. The estimated US$650 billion AI infrastructure buildout is also coming under heavier scrutiny on return on investment. If earnings season disappoints on that front, and if the FOMC signals a prolonged hold, the combination could test risk appetite heading into May.

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Asia-Pacific markets start April with a focus on how prolonged disruption in the Strait of Hormuz feeds through to inflation, trade flows, and policy expectations. China's 15th Five-Year Plan shifts attention toward artificial intelligence and technological self-reliance, with knock-on effects for supply chains and regional growth. Japan and Australia both face the challenge of managing imported energy inflation while gauging how far they can normalise policy without derailing domestic demand.

For traders, the mix of elevated energy prices and policy divergence may keep volatility elevated across regional indices and currencies.

China

Lawmakers in Beijing have approved the 15th Five-Year Plan (2026-2030), placing artificial intelligence (AI) and technological self-reliance at the centre of the national agenda. The government has set a growth target of 4.5% to 5.0% for 2026, the lowest in decades, as it prioritises quality of growth over speed.

Japan

The Bank of Japan (BOJ) faces increasing pressure to normalise policy as energy-driven inflation risks a resurgence. While consumer prices excluding fresh food slowed to 1.6% in February, the recent oil price spike may push the consumer price index (CPI) back toward the 2% target in coming months.

Australia

The Australian economy remains in a state of two-speed divergence, with older households increasing spending while younger cohorts face significant affordability pressures. Following the Reserve Bank of Australia's (RBA) rate increase to 4.10% in March, markets are highly focused on upcoming inflation data to assess whether additional tightening may be required.

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With the Iran conflict reshaping energy markets, central banks turning hawkish, and gold in freefall despite the chaos, the safe haven playbook in 2026 is more complicated than ever. 

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Quick facts

• Gold has fallen more than 20% from its all-time high, despite an active war in the Middle East
• The Singapore dollar is near its strongest level against the USD since October 2014
• The Reserve Bank of Australia (RBA) hiked rates to 4.10% in March 2026 as Iran-driven oil prices push Australian inflation higher

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1. Gold (XAU/USD)

Gold remains the most widely traded safe haven globally. It benefits from geopolitical stress, US dollar weakness, and negative real interest rate environments. However, its short-term behaviour in 2026 demands explanation. 

Despite an active war in the Middle East, gold has sold off sharply. The likely cause is the Fed trimming its 2026 rate cut projections, citing hotter-than-expected producer inflation and Strait of Hormuz-driven oil prices creating inflation persistence. 

Ultimately, gold's bull case rests on falling real yields and a weaker dollar, and right now neither condition is in place. Traders should be aware that during an inflationary supply shock like the one the Iran conflict has delivered, gold does not always behave as expected.

However, if you zoom out, the longer-term picture reinforces gold’s safe-haven status, ending 2025 as one of its strongest years on record.

Key variables to watch: US Federal Reserve guidance, real yields, and USD direction.

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2. Japanese Yen (JPY)

The yen has long functioned as a safe-haven currency thanks to Japan's status as the world's largest net creditor nation. In times of stress, Japanese investors tend to repatriate capital, driving the yen higher.

However, that dynamic seems to have shifted in 2026 so far. The yen is down 6.63% YoY, near its weakest level since July 2024, and surging oil import costs are weighing on the currency. 

The yen's safe-haven role has not disappeared, though. It tends to reassert itself during sharp equity selloffs and liquidity events. But in an oil-driven inflation shock, it faces structural headwinds. 

Key variables to watch: BOJ rate decisions, US-Japan yield differentials, and any intervention signals from Japanese authorities.

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3. Swiss Franc (CHF)

Switzerland's political neutrality, account surplus, and strong institutional framework make the franc a reflexive safe-haven currency. Unlike the yen, the CHF is holding up in the current environment, with the franc gaining against the dollar in 2026, and EUR/CHF remaining stable.

For traders across Europe and the Middle East, CHF is often the first port of call during stress events.

Key variables to watch: Swiss National Bank intervention language, European geopolitical developments, and global risk indices.

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4. US Treasury Bonds (US10Y)

Under normal conditions, US government bonds are some of the deepest, most liquid safe-haven instruments in the world. But 2026 is not normal conditions…

Yields have been rising, not falling, meaning bond prices are moving in the wrong direction for anyone seeking safety. 

When yields rise during a risk-off event, it signals the market is treating bonds as an inflation risk rather than a safety asset.

However, short-duration Treasuries like bills and 2-year notes are a different story. They may offer higher income with less duration risk than longer-dated bonds, which is why some investors use them more defensively in volatile periods.

Key variables to watch: Fed communication, CPI and PCE data, and whether the 10Y yield breaks above 4.50% or pulls back below 4.00%.

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5. Australian Dollar vs. US Dollar (AUD/USD): inverse play

The Australian dollar is widely considered a risk-on currency, tied closely to global commodity demand and Chinese growth. 

In risk-off environments, AUD/USD typically falls. A falling AUD/USD can serve as a leading indicator of broader global stress, which can be useful context for traders with regional exposure.

The RBA hiking cycle (two hikes since the start of 2026) is providing some floor under the AUD, but in a sustained global risk-off move, that support has limits.

Key variables to watch: RBA forward guidance, Chinese PMI data, iron ore prices, and oil's impact on Australian inflation expectations.

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6. US Dollar Index (DXY)

The US dollar acts as the world's reserve currency and a reflexive safe haven during acute stress. When liquidity dries up, global demand for USD tends to spike regardless of the underlying trend.

Over the past 12 months, the dollar has lost ground as global confidence in US fiscal trajectory has wavered. But over the past month, it has firmed, supported by a hawkish Fed and elevated geopolitical risk. 

In risk-off environments, the USD continues to attract safe-haven flows. However, rising oil prices can increase inflation risks, complicating Federal Reserve policy expectations. 

Key variables to watch: Fed rate path, US inflation data, and global liquidity conditions.

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7. Singapore Dollar (SGD)

Less discussed globally but highly relevant across Southeast Asia, the SGD is one of the most quietly resilient currencies in the current environment. 

The Singapore dollar has advanced to near its highest level since October 2014, supported by safe haven flows and investors drawn to Singapore's AAA-rated bonds, a dividend-heavy stock market, and predictable government policies. 

The MAS manages the SGD through a nominal effective exchange rate band rather than an interest rate, giving it a different character from other safe-haven currencies. 

For traders with exposure to Indonesia, Malaysia, Thailand, Vietnam, and the broader ASEAN region, USD/SGD can act as a practical benchmark for regional risk appetite.

Key variables to watch: MAS policy band adjustments, regional trade flows, and USD/Asia dynamics more broadly.

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8. Cash and Short-Duration Fixed Income

Sometimes, the most effective safe haven can be to simply reduce exposure. With central bank rates still elevated across major economies, cash and short-duration government bonds can offer a meaningful yield while sitting outside market risk.

The RBA raised the cash rate to 4.10% at its March meeting. The Bank of England held at 3.75%, while the ECB kept its deposit facility rate at 2.00% and main refinancing rate at 2.15%. Across all major economies, short-duration government paper is offering a real return for the first time in years.

In a volatile environment, capital preservation can sometimes matter more than return maximisation.

Key variables to watch: Central bank meeting calendars across all major economies, and any shifts in forward guidance on the rate path.

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What to Watch Next

Fed inflation data. Core PCE is the single most important data point for gold, bonds, and the dollar right now. Any surprise in either direction could move all three simultaneously.

Yen intervention risk. The yen is near levels that have previously triggered action from Japanese authorities. Traders with Asia-Pacific exposure should monitor closely.

RBA's next move. With Australia now at 4.10% and inflation still above target, the question is whether the hiking cycle has further to run. The next RBA meeting is on 5 May.

Geopolitical trajectory. Any move toward de-escalation in the Middle East would quickly reduce safe haven demand and rotate capital back into risk assets. The reverse is equally true.

China's growth signal. A stronger-than-expected Chinese recovery could lift commodity currencies and reduce defensive positioning across Asia-Pacific.

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The Longer-Term Lens

The 2026 environment is exposing that the effectiveness of safe haven assets depends on the type of shock, not just its severity. 

An inflationary supply shock like the Iran conflict has delivered is one of the most difficult environments for traditional safe havens. 

Gold falls as real yields rise. Bonds sell off as inflation expectations climb. Even the yen can weaken as Japan's import costs surge.

What has held up are assets with institutional credibility, managed frameworks, and deep liquidity regardless of macro conditions. The Swiss franc, Singapore dollar, and short-duration cash instruments fit that description better than gold or long bonds do right now.

In 2026, the question for traders is not "which safe haven?" It is "a safe haven from what?"

Last week was as consequential as advertised. The RBA hiked, the Fed held, and markets barely had time to process any of it before reports emerged that Israel had struck Iran's South Pars gas field.

The week ahead brings fewer central bank decisions, but it may be just as important for markets. Flash PMIs will offer the first broad read on whether the war is already showing up in business confidence. Australia's February CPI is the domestic data point that matters most for the RBA's next move. And the oil market remains the dominant macro variable.

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Quick facts

• Brent crude spiked above $110 per barrel after Israel struck Iran's South Pars gas field for the first time.
• Flash PMIs for Australia, Japan, the eurozone, UK, and the US all land Tuesday.
• Australia's February CPI lands Wednesday, the first inflation read since the back-to-back RBA hikes.

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Oil: From crisis to emergency

The oil situation deteriorated significantly last week. Brent crude has now surged roughly 80% since the war began on 28 February. 

The 18 March strike on Iran's South Pars gas field was the first time upstream oil and gas infrastructure has been targeted.

Iran responded to the strike by threatening to target facilities across Saudi Arabia, the UAE and Qatar. If any of these threats are executed, the global oil shock would escalate from a supply disruption to a direct attack on the region's production capacity.

Analysts are now saying $150 Brent is achievable and $200 is not outside the realm of possibility. The 1970s Arab oil embargo resulted in a quadrupling of prices, and the current shock is already being described in those terms by senior energy executives.

For markets this week, oil is the dominant variable. Any signal of ceasefire, diplomatic progress or resumed Hormuz shipping could likely trigger a correction in oil prices. Any Iranian strike on Gulf infrastructure could send them higher.

Monitor

• Daily vessel transit numbers through the Strait of Hormuz.
• Iranian retaliation against Gulf infrastructure, a strike on Saudi or UAE facilities would be a major escalation.
• When and how American and European IEA reserves reach the market.
• Qatar's South Pars disruption is affecting the European LNG market.
• Trump statements that could cause intraday oil price movement.

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Global Flash PMIs: The first read on an economy at war

Tuesday delivers the S&P Global flash PMI estimates for March across every major economy simultaneously.

This will be the first data set to capture how manufacturers and services firms are responding to $100+ oil, the Strait of Hormuz blockade, and the broader uncertainty created by the war in the Middle East.

The key question for each economy is whether the oil price surge and war uncertainty have dented business confidence, suppressed new orders or pushed input price indices to new multi-year highs. 

Given that oil crossed $100 before the survey window closed for most economies, input cost readings could be significantly elevated.

Key dates

• S&P Global Flash Australia PMI: Tuesday 24 March, 9:00 am AEDT
• S&P Global Flash Japan PMI: Tuesday 24 March, 11:30 am AEDT
• HSBC Flash India PMI: Tuesday 24 March, 4:00 pm AEDT
• HCOB Flash France PMI: Tuesday 24 March, 7:15 pm AEDT
• HCOB Flash Germany PMI: Tuesday 24 March, 7:30 pm AEDT
• HCOB Flash Eurozone PMI: Tuesday 24 March, 8:00 pm AEDT
• S&P Global Flash UK PMI: Tuesday 24 March, 8:30 pm AEDT
• S&P Global Flash US PMI: Wednesday 25 March, 12:45 am AEDT

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Monitor

• Input price components for any multi-year highs across manufacturing and services.
• Business confidence indices for how much the war shock has dented forward expectations.
• New orders as an indicator for future output; a sharp fall could signal demand destruction is underway.
• US composite PMI: already the weakest of major economies in February, another soft reading could raise growth alarm bells.

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Hormuz crisis explained

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Australia: Is another hike coming?

The RBA hiked for the second meeting in a row on 17 March, lifting the cash rate to 4.10% in a narrow 5-4 vote. 

Governor Bullock described it as a "very active discussion" where the direction of policy was not in question, only the timing. 

This week will see the release of February's CPI as the first read to capture any of the oil shock. The trimmed mean, which strips out volatile items including fuel, will be the number the RBA watches most closely. A reading above 3.5% could cement the case for a May hike. A softer result could revive the argument for a pause.

ANZ and NAB have both stated expectations of a third hike in May, taking the cash rate to 4.35%.

Key dates

• ABS Consumer Price Index (CPI): Wednesday 25 March, 11:30 am AEDT

Monitor

• Trimmed mean inflation as the RBA's preferred measure.
• Fuel and energy components that could separate the oil shock from domestic price pressure.
• Housing and services inflation as sticky components driving the RBA's long-run concern.

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Asia dominates the global semiconductor supply. Five companies, spanning Taiwan, South Korea, and Japan, sit at the critical juncture of the AI buildout, controlling everything from fabrication to the equipment that makes chips possible. 

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Quick facts

• TSMC delivered $90 billion in revenue in 2024, with a 59% gross margin and shares up 55% in 2025.
• Advantest shares doubled (+102%) in 2025 as AI-driven chip testing demand surged.
• SK Hynix is Nvidia's primary HBM supplier, positioning it at the centre of the AI accelerator boom.

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1. Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Co. (TSM)

TSMC is the world's largest contract chip manufacturer, producing advanced semiconductors for Apple, Nvidia, AMD, and Qualcomm. As a pure-play foundry, it leads in 5-nanometer (5nm) and 3- nanometer (3nm) chip production, with smaller nodes in development.

The company posted $90 billion in revenue for 2024 with a 59% gross margin and 36% return on equity. 

Shares delivered a total return of 55% in 2025, with analysts forecasting a further ~30% revenue increase in 2026, underpinned by its $100 billion US expansion programme.

The key risk for the company is its geopolitical exposure, with Taiwan Strait tensions remaining the sector's most-watched tail risk.

What to watch

• US expansion progress: Any delays, cost blowouts, or political friction concerning TSMC's $100 billion Arizona investment could weigh on sentiment.
• Customer order visibility: Watch for any guidance updates from Apple, Nvidia, or AMD on chip orders, as TSMC's revenue is highly concentrated among a handful of clients.
• Geopolitical developments: Any escalation of Taiwan Strait tensions could trigger sharp moves regardless of fundamentals.
• Next-node ramp: Progress on 2nm production and yield rates will be a key signal for TSMC's ability to maintain its technology lead.

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2. Samsung Electronics (KR:005930)

Samsung is one of the few companies globally that both designs and fabricates chips at scale. It competes across DRAM, NAND flash, and logic chip segments, and remains a core supplier to global tech giants.

Samsung's wide scope is a strength, but also a complexity. Its memory division faces margin pressure from inventory cycles, while its foundry business continues to lag TSMC in leading-edge yields. 

The AI-driven memory boom may provide a tailwind, though execution in HBM production has been slower than local rival SK Hynix.

What to watch

• HBM qualification progress: Samsung has been working to qualify its HBM3E chips with Nvidia. Any confirmation of a major supply win could be a meaningful catalyst.
• Memory pricing trends: DRAM and NAND spot prices could be an indicator of Samsung's margin trajectory.
• Foundry yield improvements: Samsung's logic foundry business has struggled with yields at advanced nodes; any credible progress here could re-rate the division.
• Management guidance: Following a period of earnings volatility, clarity on capex plans and divisional targets at upcoming results will be closely watched.

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3. Advantest (ATEYY)

Tokyo-based Advantest makes testing equipment used to verify chips meet performance and quality standards. 

It supplies to Samsung, Intel, Nvidia, Qualcomm, and Texas Instruments, allowing it to benefit from chip industry growth broadly, regardless of which foundry wins market share.

Advantest shares doubled in 2025 (+102%), and it raised its sales forecast by 21.8% and earnings forecast by 70.6% for the year ending March 2026.

What to watch

• Order backlog updates: Any contraction in Advantest's backlog could be an early warning sign after the strong 2025 run.
• AI chip testing demand: As chips grow more complex, testing time per chip increases. Monitor whether AI accelerator volumes from TSMC and Samsung start to drive outsized testing demand.
• FY2026 guidance: The next forecast update will be critical in confirming whether 2025's upgrade cycle has further to run.

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4. Tokyo Electron (T:8035)

Tokyo Electron is among the world's largest suppliers of semiconductor production equipment, specialising in deposition, etching, and cleaning tools. 

Every major chipmaker, including TSMC, Samsung, and SK Hynix, depends on TEL's systems to scale production.

As chipmakers invest billions to expand capacity, TEL's order book grows. The risk lies in potential US export restrictions on advanced equipment sales to China, which remains one of the primary revenue segments for the company.

What to watch

• US export control policy: China accounts for a significant portion of TEL's revenue. Any tightening of equipment export rules is the most immediate risk to watch.
• Chipmaker capex announcements: TSMC, Samsung, and SK Hynix's capital expenditure plans for 2026 directly translate into equipment orders. Any cuts could flow through to TEL's order book.
• New tool adoption cycles: Monitor whether TEL's next-generation deposition and etch tools are being adopted at leading-edge fabs.

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5. SK Hynix (KR:000660)

SK Hynix is the world's second-largest memory chip maker and has emerged as arguably the clearest AI-era beneficiary in the memory space. 

It is Nvidia's primary supplier of High Bandwidth Memory (HBM) chips, the specialised memory used in AI accelerators like the H100 and B200.

HBM demand has driven a dramatic re-rating of SK Hynix's revenue profile and market standing. With AI infrastructure spending showing little sign of slowing heading into 2026, the company's HBM franchise could remain a key differentiator. 

However, capacity constraints and the risk of Samsung and Micron closing the HBM gap are the primary concerns to watch.

What to watch

• Nvidia supply relationship: Any shift in Nvidia's supplier mix toward Samsung or Micron could be a key risk event.
• HBM4 development: The race to next-generation HBM is already underway. Watch for updates on SK Hynix's HBM4 readiness and whether it can maintain its lead.
• Conventional memory pricing: SK Hynix still derives meaningful revenue from standard DRAM and NAND. Spot price trends could be a gauge of the broader memory cycle.

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Bottom line

TSMC, SK Hynix, Samsung, Advantest, and Tokyo Electron collectively control the chokepoints of the AI buildout. 

The expected increase in AI infrastructure may support demand, but investors should weigh the risks carefully. 

Geopolitical exposure, US export restrictions, and the pace of HBM competition could all move the needle.

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